10.
'British' Pashas of the Ottoman Army
The
concessions granted to the British and pro-British administrations came with a
blind trust in the British, not only in trade, but also in politics and
military matters as well. It was explained in previous pages how the British
deep state approached other countries and leaders under a friendly disguise.
This tactic became very dominant, especially in the late Ottoman period. Primed
by the British deep state, Ottoman administrations declared wars, signed
treaties detrimental to the Empire and brought members of the British deep
state to important positions. Indeed, particularly in the last period of the
Ottoman Empire, the army and the navy were entrusted mostly to British pashas,
as another sign of this reckless attitude.
Many
British officers were given important positions in the second half of the 19th
century while most achieved the rank of 'pasha'. Most them, under the pretense
of 'modernizing the army and training the soldiers', played active roles in
Ottoman failure in many wars. The officers who were supposed to serve the
Ottoman army were in fact nothing other than the agents of the British deep
state.
The British Officers of the Ottoman
Hobart Pasha
Augustus
Charles Hobart-Hampden, widely known as Hobart Pasha, was a naval captain who
served in the Royal Navy. He worked as a midshipman in Brazil. Upon retirement,
he joined the American Civil War and commanded a blockade runner, which
conveyed British weapons to the South in exchange for cheap cotton. After the
American Civil War, he joined the Ottoman army and was made rear-admiral.
Hobart
Pasha was in charge of the Ottoman navy during the Russo-Turkish war (1877-78).
During the conflict, the only position from which the Ottomans could block a
Russian ground attack was the Danube River in Romania. The Ottoman navy was
perfectly capable of preventing the Russian army's passage through the Siret
River. However, Turkish ships under the command of Hobart Pasha, arrived too late
to gain control of the river. Four to five days had already passed before four
vessels could reach the critical points, allowing the Russian army to easily
cross the river. The Ottoman army, which was on the verge of gaining control of
the Balkans after defeating the Serbian and Montenegro armies, was stabbed in
the back. From that point on, there was nothing that could stop the Russian
navy from coming as far as Yeşilköy in Istanbul.
The
Ottoman navy under Hobart Pasha's command was, in fact, a more powerful army
than that of the Russians, but strangely wasn't used to defend the Balkans.
Hobart Pasha sent the vessels from the western Black Sea to the Caucasus and
left the ground troops in the Balkans without support. At the end of the war,
the Ottomans had to cede both the Balkans and the Caucasus.
Vere Henry
Hobart, Lord Hobart, who was the older brother of Hobart Pasha, was at the time
the director-general of the Ottoman Bank. He later started working in the
Ottoman Public Debt Administration that brought about the bankruptcy of the
Empire.
Arnold Burrowes Kemball
During the
Russo-Turkish war, Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha headed the Balkan forces of the
Ottoman army. After the Russians passed the Danube River without incident, they
advanced on Svishtov and Nikopol and easily won two battles. Since the main
Balkan forces couldn't get to the region in time, the Turkish forces proved
insufficient and in a matter of one week, two battles were lost.
British
general Arnold Kemball was a part of the general staff of Abdülkerim Pasha.
Kemball had previously fought against Muslims during the Afghan wars with the
British army.
Valentine Baker or Baker Pasha
Valentine
Baker was a felon that received a dishonorable discharge from the British army
for rape. During the Russo-Turkish war, he served in the Ottoman army as a
Brigadier General in Mehmet Ali Pasha's staff. Mehmet Ali Pasha, on the other
hand, was a German who had converted to Islam and become an Ottoman citizen.
His real name was Ludwig Karl Friedrich Detroit. The units commanded by Baker
Pasha withdrew from the Tashkessen village, leaving even the injured behind in
their fear. Bulgarian villagers killed all the remaining survivors. After that,
Baker Pasha sent back some of his troops and set ablaze all the villages in the
vicinity.
After this
war, he returned to the British army and took over the newly established police
force in Egypt and began to train their gendarme units.
Douglas Gamble and Hugh Pigot Williams
Five years
before WWI, Douglas Gamble was hired as an advisor for the Ottoman navy and
made the head of the 6th fleet under the pretense of 'reforming the
fleet'. Gamble was also a former British navy intelligence officer.
Unsurprisingly, when he returned to his homeland one year later, he fought with
the British against the Turks.
British
admiral Hugh Pigot Williams replaced Gamble as an advisor, and served in this
position eight months before returning to his country. The next time he came
back to Ottoman waters, he was the captain of the British battleship
Irresistable in the Gallipoli campaign. In other words, right before WWI, the
Ottoman navy had been entrusted to two British officers, who would soon turn
against and fight the Ottomans.
Adolphus Slade or the Mushaver Pasha
After
serving thirty years in the Royal Navy, Adolphus Slade joined the Ottoman navy
as an admiral. Renamed 'Mushaver' (meaning 'consulting'), Slade was intricately
involved in the Ottoman maritime force. When the Russians burnt the Ottoman
fleet in Sinop during the Crimean War and sank twelve Ottoman ships, the only
surviving ship was the one carrying Slade. As the Turkish fleet was being
attacked, her so-called allies at the time, the French and British ships
stationed in the Bosphorus, just watched.
In his
memoir, Slade displayed the shocking hatred he harbored for Turks and Muslims
(Turkish nation and Islamic world are above his remarks). He claimed that all
Ottoman constituents, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, shared a common trait
despite their differences and that was 'a total want of conscience' and
continued, "A pasha slays his confiding guest; a kadi bastinadoes an
innocent man; a banker cheats his patron; a servant robs his master; —all
swearing on the Koran, or on the Talmud, or on the Testament, to their
respective faith..."170
...
nowhere, perhaps, has corruption in Turkey been more hideously displayed than
in the Mekhemés, (courts of law,) where justice is sold to the highest bidder,
and witnesses stand, almost within sight and sound of the mollah's cushions,
ready with their stock in trade—their consciences.171
Three
English line of battle ships and as many frigates, would prove an overmatch for
it [the Ottoman naval force].172
Baldwin Wake Walker (Yavir Pasha) and
Traitor Ahmet Fevzi Pasha
British
Baldwin Wake Walker, or Yavir Pasha, joined the Ottoman navy in 1838 and served
for seven years. In 1840, Ahmet Fevzi Pasha, using an insignificant incident as
an excuse, handed over the fleet under his command to Muhammad Ali of Egypt,
who had previously rebelled against the Ottoman Empire. For this reason, he has
gone down in history as the 'Traitor Ahmet Fevzi Pasha'. While the navy ships
were anchored in Alexandria, Yavir Pasha, or Baldwin Walker, claimed that if he
laid a siege on Egypt with the entire Ottoman navy, he could get back the
ships. His true intentions were to make the Ottoman ships fight each other to
weaken them in the process. However, the crisis came to an end when Muhammad
Ali of Egypt agreed to return the ships on his own volition. It must be noted
that Yavir Pasha had for years worked as the advisor of Traitor Ahmet Fevzi
Pasha.
Henry Felix Woods or Woods Pasha
British
Henry Felix Woods, also known as Woods Pasha, served more than 40 years in the
Ottoman navy, most of it under Abdul Hamid II's reign. Woods was the main
reason why the Ottoman navy completely rotted away during Abdul Hamid II's
reign in the Golden Horn, despite the fact that it had been recently rebuilt
under Sultan Abdülaziz's orders. According to the British Naval Forces policy,
a British officer could not occupy a position for more than two years in a
foreign country, but Woods spent 42 years in the Ottoman navy.
Engineers,
captains and other technicians that Woods Pasha transferred for large sums,
deliberately refrained from teaching their skills to the Turkish personnel and
ensured that the true control was always with the British. As Woods described
it in his memoir, Turkish mechanics, despite having worked for years, couldn't
become head mechanics because British mechanics blocked their way to ascension.
Particularly, the British mechanics enjoyed special privileges with respect to
their duties.173
Woods
Pasha was also a negotiator between key figures at the capital and Sultan Abdul
Hamid II. He took special care to introduce British journalists to the Sultan
and secretly provided intelligence to the British regarding the Sultan and the
administration.174
The Battle of Navarino
The Battle
of Navarino is known as one of the most ruthless naval fights in history. Led
by the British deep state, the British, French and Russian navies launched a
full-fledged attack on the Turkish fleet anchored at Navarino, located to the
south of Greece. Muhammad Ali of Egypt also sent a fleet from Egypt to aid the
Ottomans, which were at the time trying to suppress the Greek riot that was
also instigated by the British deep state. There wasn't an official declaration
of war; instead the allied naval forces of Britain, France and Russia suddenly
began firing at the Turkish ships. Caught off-guard, 70 ships sank and more
than 3,000 sailors were martyred. In a matter of three hours, the Gulf of
Navarino became a bloodbath. One very important element in the battle was the
presence of British and French sailors in the Turkish fleet. One day prior to
the raid, French sailors in the fleet of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, fighting for
the Ottomans, and British sailors in the Ottoman fleet switched sides. Not only
did they desert their posts but they also deprived the Ottomans of important
captaincy skills, because during that time, this important duty was given only
to the people of the British deep state.
The British Deep State and the Caliphate
At the onset
of the 17th century, many European states decided to follow in the
footsteps of Portugal and Spain and began pursuing their own imperialistic
desires. Britain proved the most ambitious.
The readers
will recall how Britain had already set up East India Co. in the 1600s as the
first step towards British imperialism. The company first directed its
attention to the Indian subcontinent and established numerous trading posts
across the region. After expanding rapidly, it began to build colonies before
eventually taking control of territories.
By the 19th
century, Spain and Portugal had begun to lose their colonies and entered their
respective eras of decline. This meant that the South American countries, once
colonies of Spain and Portugal, were now independent, but also available to
British aspirations as open markets. In the meantime, having successfully
completed the Napoleonic Wars in Europe (1800-1815), the British had gained new
lands in the East.
Now,
securing the main route to India –the jewel in the crown– was the top priority
on the British imperialistic agenda. When the French completed the Suez Canal
in 1869, the road to India became even shorter but its security became an even
more sensitive issue. Britain had begun to build spheres of influence along the
Red Sea and Arabian shores despite Ottoman protests. Furthermore, by promising
to supply weapons to the Ottoman Empire should Russia obtain control of East
Anatolia, Britain gained control of Cyprus in 1878, which was a strategically
important island much like Gibraltar Strait or Malta. Similar methods were used
by the same deep organization to gain control of areas in the Far East.
All these
developments turned Britain into a massive empire with colonies all around the
world, where millions of Muslims were living, making the control of this
population a critical point for Britain. However, there was a problem: those
Muslims, due to their Islamic identity, were loyal to the Ottoman Caliph, who
was the spiritual and political leader of the world's Muslims. He had the power
to bring millions of Muslims together within a strong alliance with just one
word. For this reason, the biggest threat to the British deep state in its
quest of gaining control over Muslim lands was the Ottoman Empire and the
Caliph.
British Deep State Provokes Arabs against the
Caliph
Muslims all
around the world deeply revered the Ottoman Sultan, who was their caliph. In
the beginning, the British deep state sought to use this loyalty to its
advantage. For instance, in a conflict with the Kingdom of Mysore in South
India, Britain asked Ottoman Sultan Selim III to write a letter to Tipu Sultan
of the Kingdom of Mysore to advise him to not fight the British.1
Selim III indeed wrote this letter in 1798.
When
wide-scaled riots broke out in India in 1857 against British occupation,
Britain once again asked for the help of the Sultan. At the same time, this
impressive influence of the Caliphate was worrying the British deep state. What
if the circumstances changed, and the religious and political influence of the
Caliphate became a threat to Britain? For this reason, they came up with a
multi-layered caliphate policy, which would involve gradual undermining of the
Caliphate's authority among the Muslim population living under British rule.
George Percy
Badger, an adviser to the British Foreign Secretary, prepared a report in
January 1873 on the Ottoman Caliph. He claimed that since the Prophet Muhammad
(pbuh) was an Arab, the caliphate had to be an Arabic institution. However,
Ottoman sultans were viewed and revered especially by Asian Muslims as the true
caliph. Using the 'ethnicity' card as a deception, the British deep state
sought to rally Arab Muslims against the Ottoman Empire. According to their
deep plans, this tactic would prevent Arabs from recognizing Ottoman sultans as
their caliph and thus diminish the influence of Ottoman caliphs in the Islamic
world.2
Five months
after this report was penned, the Foreign Office instructed all the British
consuls in Asia to investigate the religious and political developments in the
Muslim world.3 In other words, Britain began its efforts to
turn sixty million Muslims living under British rule against the Ottomans and
the Caliph.
Wilfrid
Scawen Blunt, a diplomat of the British Foreign Office, was known as an expert
on Arabs and the Middle East. As one of the prominent supporters of the Arab
independence movement during his visits to the region, Blunt devised plans to
break off the Arabs from the Ottoman Empire. In his book The Future of Islam,
he made serious accusations against the Ottoman Caliphate:
… that
the House of Othman has been and is the curse of Islam, and that its end is at
hand. … They know that as long as there is an Ottoman Caliph, whether his name
be Abd el Aziz or Abd el Hamid, moral progress is impossible, that the ijtahad
cannot be re-opened … Abd el Hamid's rule is neither juster nor more in
accordance with the Mussulman law than that of his predecessors. … A return,
therefore, to Medina or Mecca is the probable future of the Caliphate.4
Blunt also
claimed that the culprit behind the backward state of the Arabs, who had built
great civilizations in the past, was the Ottoman Empire. He believed that
Britain was now an empire with millions of Muslim constituents and that instead
of supporting a caliphate sitting in Istanbul, it would be more strategic and
logical for Britain to invest in an Arab caliph that is under British control
and who could be easily manipulated. He was convinced that if independent Arab
kingdoms were set up and the Caliphate was transferred to Mecca, Ottoman
control in the region could come to an end.
Graat, the
British Foreign Secretary for India, in his letter to Kitchener, the British
Consul-General in Egypt, revealed the kind of Arab state the British deep state
wished to see:
Britain
never desires to see a powerful Arabic Caliphate. We don't want a united Arab
state. Arabs must be in a fragmented, weakened situation. If they become
emirates under our control, as small as possible, they shall have little resistance
to British, but will still serve as a buffer zone against other big countries
of the West.5
Another
Western source reveals the status the British planned for the Arabs and
Caliphate during WWI:
Sticking
to their old policies of creating division and dissension to maintain their
control easily, the British never wanted a united and powerful [Arab] empire,
no matter what the consequences, because the ruler of such an empire would want
to remain independent. The British instead wishes political unions made up of
smaller states, which would require British arbitration in case of
disagreements. British also didn't have any intentions of giving up on their
sovereignty claims over the governorates of Kuwait, Bahrain, Muscat, Hadhramaut
in favor of a big Arab empire. On the other hand, caliphate was a sensitive
issue for Britain as it had to take into consideration the sentiments of Indian
Muslims. Indian Muslims, however, tended to side with Turks, rather than the
Arabs. They wanted to remain loyal to the Caliph in Istanbul.6
In the end,
the Arab world of 100 million people divided into sixteen separate countries
was fraught with conflicts. The only winner was the British deep state.
Throughout
the end of the 1800s and early 1900s, the main policy of the British deep state
has been fragmenting the Arab world and breaking them apart both from the
Ottoman Empire and each other. As the following pages will be covering in more
detail, the British deep state has made numerous attempts during and after WWI
to make those ambitions come true. Through their spies disguised as
'archeologists' such as Gertrude Bell, and Lawrence of Arabia, they carried out
this policy and provoked Arab tribes against the Ottoman Empire, sometimes
offering incentives in form of money and weapons.
Homosexual
British spy Lawrence of Arabia explained this fake victory that he achieved by
pitting communities against each other, saying that he created an Arab 'brown
dominion' within the British Empire by rallying Arabs and making them rebel
against the Turks.7
Clearly, the
true aim has never been an Arab independence or a big Arab state, because Arabs
were always considered by the British deep state as their colony. Regrettably,
the same state of mind still prevails and the insidious colonial ambitions of
the British deep state regarding the Arab countries are still underway.
However, it
must be remembered that the British deep state failed in its plots against the
Caliphate. No matter what it did, the last stop of the Caliphate remained in
the Ottoman Empire and when the Empire collapsed, the Caliphate hadn't been
abolished. On the contrary, instead of vesting the power in a single person,
the Caliphate was entrusted to the Republic and the title is still waiting for
its true owner. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk knew very well that in the End Times, the
Mahdi (pbuh) would appear and take over as the spiritual leader of
Muslims at a time of intense conflicts. Mustafa Kemal built the Republic regime
and its institutions based on this knowledge. We know from the hadiths
of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) that the Mahdi (pbuh) will appear in
Istanbul in the current era, put an end to the wars, terror and conflicts and
bring true peace and love to the world.
1. Azmi Özcan, "İngiltere'de Hilafet
Tartışmaları 1873 – 1909", İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi (Journal of
Islamic Research), Issue 2, 1998, p. 49
2. Memo by G. P. Badger, "Respecting
Turkey and Russia in Their Relations with Arabia and Central Asia", enc.
to Frere to Granville, 26.11.1873, F. O, 424/32
3. Azmi Özcan, Pan-Islamism, Indian Muslims,
the Ottomans & Britain (1877-1924), Leiden: Brill, 1997, p. 40
4. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, The Future of Islam,
The Project Gutenberg EBook, 2005, pp. 55, 62
5. Süleyman Kocabaş, Osmanlı İsyanlarında
Yabancı Parmağı, Bir İmparatorluk Nasıl Parçalandı?, (Foreign Intrusion in
Ottoman Riots, How An Empire Was Dismembered), Vatan Yayınları, October 1992,
p. 96
6. Ibid., pp. 96-97
7. Ibid., p. 102
